music by juliush from pixabay

mcneal, arizona—for monarch butterflies, it’s all about the milkweed. without it, the iconic butterflies have no place to lay eggs and no place for their larva to feed – especially on their stupendous annual migrations. 

monarch populations have declined steeply in the past decades for a variety of reasons, including loss of habitat. to reverse the trend, the western association of fish and wildlife agencies in january instituted the western monarch butterfly conservation plan, a 50-year effort to help the monarchs bounce back. 

some of the first steps are being taken in arizona.

at whitewater draw wildlife area near mcneal one day last month, 25 volunteers spent five hours planting milkweed to create waypoints for monarchs migrating to southern california and west-central mexico from the northern u.s. and canada – a trip that can stretch 3,000 miles each way.

the wildlife area – which is the winter home to more than 20,000 sandhill cranes – is a wetland nestled amid the arid plains of southern arizona, about 100 miles southeast of tucson. it has damp soil in places – ideal for several species of milkweed, a stalky, green wildflower of the genus asclepias.

monarchs leave the northern u.s. and canada in early fall to spend the winter on the california coast and in the sierra madre occidental in mexico, the u.s. department of agriculture says. each trip takes four generations of butterflies to complete.

the planting project was set up by arizona game & fish department as its part in the overall western monarch butterfly conservation plan, which is meant to help reverse the 74% population decline of the monarch in arizona, california, idaho, nevada, oregon, utah and washington.

the population of monarch butterflies overwintering in california last january was the lowest on record, with only 28,429 butterflies – an 85.2% decline from the previous year and a 99.4% decline from the number observed in the state in the 1980s.

bill van pelt, the grassland coordinator for the western association of fish and wildlife agencies, oversees interstate programs and projects focused on grassland biomes. 

“what these states did is came together, to come up with ideas to try to boost populations and give them areas for nectarine or feeding, and then waystations or layover areas and to take their next step on their migrations,” van pelt said.

other regions where the monarch populations are more permanent, such as california, focused on building out roosting areas – rest stops for the migrating monarchs, which only travel in daylight. for arizona, it means planting several varieties of milkweed through a collective effort among game & fish, the southwest monarch study and the gila watershed partnership.

whitewater draw was the first of several arizona locations where milkweed will be planted, but that wasn’t originally planned. a dry monsoon season for arizona delayed the planting at every other location, but whitewater draw is a special case, said cheri boucher, a project evaluation program specialist for game & fish.

“we had originally planned to do a number of these during monsoon season and, you know, august, september, october, but this past monsoon season was one of the driest in history,” boucher said. “so we have postponed most of the events that we had planned until december, january, february.”

whitewater draw already has a maintained water source for the sandhill cranes, which spend their time in shallow, muddy waters, socializing and avoiding predators. not needing to rely on rainfall to ensure the milkweed survives makes whitewater draw special, but the process of planting will be the same for all the six other locations. 

the morning starts with a quick orientation from steve plath, the nursery manager for gila watershed partnership, about milkweed and what it takes to get the plants to grow. gail morris, a coordinator and conservation specialist for southwest monarch study, also explains how milkweed fits into the monarch life cycle.

the process itself involves taking immature milkweeds and planting them in moist soil on the edge of a water source. the five different varieties of milkweed have adapted to different amounts of water, meaning they get planted in a ring type formation along the banks. the plants survive best in moist dirt, so digging the holes is a muddy operation.

“we’re all having fun, you know, digging in the mud and planting milkweed,” boucher said.

since the southwest monarch study began actively monitoring the monarch population in 2008, morris has seen a heavy decline, even considering normal population fluctuation. climate change affects the butterflies, he said, but the impact is really felt through the decline of milkweed and other native plants.

“climate change isn’t directly … like, the sun isn’t killing the butterflies,” morris said, “but it’s killing the plants that they eat, right? it (climate change) can affect the monarchs if the temperatures get too high, it can affect it in two ways.”

rising temperatures also can slow the rate of caterpillars’ growth, affecting the monarchs’ entire migration schedule, morris said, adding that higher winter temperatures could destroy monarch habitats used today.

for the volunteers, the idea of helping make a better future for the butterflies was more than enough to get them to come out. ariana tamayo remembers seeing monarchs in mexico as a child, an experience she wants future generations to have.

“they hang out in trees and it’s almost like a honeycomb of them,” tamayo said. “it’s pretty amazing.”

video by melanie porter/cronkite news

for boucher, the volunteer response has far exceeded expectations.

“i couldn’t have anticipated how many people were excited about this program,” she said. “when the press release went out, all of the volunteer slots were filled within a matter of hours, and that’s over 250, you know, volunteers that have signed up to help out various wildlife areas around the state.”

—

related story

population of migrating monarchs dwindling, but experts say it’s not all doom and gloom

arizona game & fish hopes all the milkweed survives from these plantings, but as the first year of this program, it’s about learning as well. boucher said the department will be back out next year to learn and adapt.

“with any habitat rescue duration effort, you do expect a certain amount of mortality,” she said, “but we’re hoping to learn from the plants that we’ve put in today.” 

officials plan to record how many of each milkweed species survived in each location, which will help them adjust to ensure a higher survival rate in the future, boucher said.

weather permitting, game & fish will plant milkweed in cornville, springerville and safford in january and february. other planned sites are near buckeye, black canyon city and bullhead city.

—

this story is part of elemental: covering sustainability, a multimedia collaboration between cronkite news, arizona pbs, kjzz, kpcc, rocky mountain pbs and pbs socal.

when we are children we’re told that we can do anything, so long as we grit our teeth and try; we can become the president, go to space or even save the world so long as we decide that’s what we want to do and we work hard enough.

this is the story of susette onate, who in 2014 learned about a business transaction between the university of miami (um) and a developing company called ram group, that would threaten to destroy one of the rarest natural habitats in the world. this is the story of a sophomore at hialeah senior high school who was able to stand against two monolithic institutions in order to achieve one simple goal: saving the butterflies.

when the palm beach county-based developing company, ram group bought up a massive allotment of land from um, onate didn’t think there was anything she could do. she knew that this wouldn’t just be the latest in a series of miami’s overdevelopment crisis; this particular plot of land contained one of the rarest eco-regions in the world because it contained one of the last reserves of florida’s pine rocklands. the pine rocklands are some of the most precious forests in the world and boast some of the rarest plant and animal life in florida. onate understood that if this critical plot of land was going to be destroyed by the acquisitive designs of ram group, then the wildlife that inhabited the region would also be destroyed. her favorite animals, butterflies lived in abundance there, making their homes nestled amongst feathery green leaves and lush grasses. threatened and endangered butterfly species, like the bartram’s hairstreak, that once called the pine rocklands home were now the living-dead, surviving off borrowed time before construction began.

enter: the butterfly garden project

when the “adults,” the policymakers, the lawmakers, and the corporations couldn’t be trusted to protect the rare biomes that make south florida so indescribably unique, at least we could count on onate. she took up shop in a disused garden, which had been established by her campus nearly ten years prior and then promptly forgotten about, she organized her friends, her classmates and even her teachers with one goal in mind. she wanted to make a home for the butterflies who were on the brink of losing their habitat.

the journey was a long one. “when i started it was just a small project,” onate said. “the administration wasn’t really very supportive, they considered it (the garden) to be just attracting bugs. basically, they and maintenance just saw it as a nuisance.”

but she persisted. being a resident of south florida, onate was all too familiar with the common attitudes of people who are not interested in hearing about the environment. though the state is mired in a series of one environmental disaster after another, people there are all too often indifferent. this indifference even leads to a maintenance crew digging up her first attempts at the garden, mistaking precious native seedlings and butterfly pupas for “weeds and bugs.”  

but she persisted. once their first of the butterflies had broken free from their chrysalises and begun to flutter across the garden, stopping here or there to hover amongst flower blossoms, a tangible change swept over the students of hialeah high. the once arid and unused garden had become a hub of activity. kids who once preferred to linger indoors now had a place to communicate with nature. the garden even served as a spot for special needs students to have therapy sessions.  

a miraculous change took place. the garden was no longer onate’s, it wasn’t even the school’s anymore. it became a product of the community. something that touched everyone. children were invited to take home potted sprouts that lined their hallways so that they could begin gardens of their own at home. she even began talks with her mayor so that she could introduce him to the idea of repurposing amelia earhart park from a “green desert” into a vibrant eco-region of its own, complete with native and life-sustaining plants. she wants to encourage the green garden movement until it becomes an eco-tourism movement, something that can financially support south florida in a positive way.

planting a global garden

the night that onate applied for the browers youth award, she never dreamt that she would actually get it. “i applied for that the night it was due,” she explained in between laughs, her face glowing. “i thought there’s no way i’d get it!”

but she did. though she might’ve only seen her project as a small butterfly garden, everyone around her (including the browers selection board) saw it for what it could be: a movement. when she got the call that she had been chosen as a browers environmental scholar, she was in a state of shock and needless to say, when she landed in california to make her acceptance speech, she was overwhelmed. the people around her, fellow scholars and program organizers, told her about how her story had inspired them to research their area’s native plant life and start gardens of their own. “it’s so simple to start a garden,” onate said. “that’s why people wanted to do it. they were inspired to try themselves.”

when she returned home, she greeted by yet another surprise. a team of french journalists had reached out to onate, asking her to be featured in their documentary: les super-juniors: ils s’engagent pour la planet (the super kids: and their commitment to the planet.) they wanted to talk to the famous girl in the garden, the high school student who single-handedly called out environmentally disastrous overdevelopment and was able to actually do something about it. they wanted to tell you the story of susette onate, a kid who decided to save the world.