but when we arrived at the campsite, we couldn’t cook any of it. 

larimer county, where our campsite was located, had implemented a burn ban last summer to quell fire danger as wildfires blazed throughout the state and the greater southwest region, crushing the plans we had to gather around a bonfire for s’mores. unfortunately, my friends and i didn’t have the foresight to check the fire ban status before heading out, so we broke out the only thing we brought that didn’t need cooking – fruit salad – and ate in the dark. 

the 2018 national climate assessment reported that the ability of the southwest’s forests to provide for its ecosystems has declined in the past decades, in part due to human-induced climate change. sthe national climate assessment estimates that the area burned throughout the western united states between 1984 and 2015 is double what it would have been if human-caused climate change wasn’t in the picture. 

but this decades-long surge in forest fires isn’t just an inconvenience for college students looking to camp. it’s a dire public health problem. 

scientists are learning that even people living far from the forest fires themselves can still breathe in harmful particles that irritate the respiratory system and can lead to chronic lung disease. the colorado sun reported in august that microscopic particles, or pm 2.5 particles, continue to exert the most harmful effects of increased wildfires. 

a study authored by researchers at colorado state university and the colorado school of public health on birth outcomes in colorado between 2007 and 2015, found that exposure to pm 2.5 particles during pregnancy was associated with adverse birth outcomes like preterm births and decreased birth weights. the study found that each unit increase in exposure to pm 2.5 particles was associated with about a 13 percent increase in likelihood of a preterm birth. 

fort collins, where i was camping last summer, is home to the highest concentration of pm 2.5 particles in the state, according to the colorado sun. 

the culprit? greenhouse gas emissions. 

increased emissions lead to higher global temperatures, which in turn creates an environment for drier forests. as dead vegetation sits in the forest without being burned it becomes more flammable, making it more likely that it will be tinder for another, more violent, wildfire. this creates what the world resources institute calls a “climate feedback loop.” when the next fire does occur, it releases even more emissions into the atmosphere, trapping heat and enhancing the probability that the next burn is even more violent. 

in colorado, it’s not in-state fires that carry the highest concentrations of pm 2.5 – it’s fires burning hundreds of miles to the west. smoke traveling from forest fires in oregon and california make their way over the rockies and into the front range, creating harmful breathing conditions for residents, especially those with pre-existing respiratory issues. 

the good news is that there are steps governments can take to address this. 

the environmental defense fund, one of the leading environmental protection organizations globally, suggests investing in research of forests to determine how to best mitigate severe fires 

further, the edf lays out that the more governments invest in fire prevention, the less they have to pay to put fires out once they happen.

the united states congress passed a bill, known as the “fire funding fix,” in 2018 that allocated upwards of $2 billion per year to prevent forest fires. but governments still have a ways to go to create a thorough understanding of how to prevent wildfires. 

so without a bonfire to light up our campsite during our trip last summer, my friends and i piled into a hammock and stared up at the breathtaking views of the night sky, only visible from colorado’s mountains. 

i’m hopeful that next year––or at least in a few years from now––i’ll be able to light up a campfire and enjoy s’mores with my friends again. but there’s still a long way to go before colorado’s air isn’t a threat to the people who call the state home. 

—

editor’s note: check back each day during cop26 for more pieces in planet forward’s climate hits home series.

nsf-funded researchers at the colorado school of mines are investigating the benefits of microgrids that operate at 500 hertz instead of 60 hertz. their efforts in theory and simulation have demonstrated the viability and efficiency of 500-hertz single-phase power systems. experimental results using a test bed built by the researchers have confirmed that the high frequency alternating current (hfac) microgrid is a practical method for integrating renewable energy sources into the power grid.

with advances in power electronics, devices, and controls, the utilization of much higher frequencies in the microgrid will significantly reduce the size, weight, and power loss of the energy conversion system. the paradigm shift from centrally controlled, three-phase 60-hertz systems to hfac single-phase microgrids will dramatically change the way electric distribution systems are operated and will increase their energy efficiency, economy, and resilience. the effort also enables future large-scale integration of renewable energy resources in the u.s. energy portfolio.

“what we’re pushing for and suggesting is kind of a leave-it-as-it-policy,” said paul joyce of the alpine triangle coalition. “we don’t want to change a lot about the alpine triangle. we just don’t want a lot to change about it in the future.”

but some local residents are apprehensive about closing public land to future mining. while others worry that a conservation land designation might negatively impact tourism.

pikas are extremely sensitive to heat and cannot tolerate high body temperatures. they typically seek out cooler high elevation habitat, rarely living below 8,000 feet in the southwest. as temperatures warm as projected by climate scientists, pikas can be pushed higher and higher until they can’t go any higher to beat the heat. already they are disappearing from some slopes they once occupied. and there’s another twist.

“the irony is that pika are vulnerable to potentially freezing to death due to climate change,” said chris ray of the university of colorado boulder.

“snow pack potentially protects pikas from sub-zero temperatures and as they loose the snow pack pikas are potentially exposed to freezing over the winter.”

while other animals either hibernate or migrate in order to deal with the cold pikas don’t do either. they will be active throughout the winter and use a series of tunnels under the snow. as the snow pack diminishes over time pikas will eventually find themselves without shelter. and thus vulnerable they are at risk of extinction.

paul joyce, a conservation associate at the environmental protection group colorado wild, says a ski resort’s grade depends on how well it plays in its own backyard.
“when a ski area expands into the back country, expands into habitat, affects wildlife, affects vegetation, thereby affecting water, watersheds, water quality,” joyce said, “those things weigh really heavy with the report card.”

resorts owned by the aspen skiing company dominate the highest rated resorts in the west.
“people listen to us in part because we’re an interesting news story, but also because we’re business people.,” auden schendler, environmental affairs director at aspen skiing. “ultimately we’re not environmentalists. we’re business people. and we see climate changes as an existential threat to business.
in this edition of this american land we explore ski resorts that employ environmentally sustainable practices to protect natural areas that surround their slopes.