washington — flint, michigan, residents, activists, and artists gathered in washington, d.c., on april 25 for an art showcase to call national attention to the continued effects of the city’s water crisis. the event marked four years after a state-appointed official made the ill-fated decision to switch flint’s water source to the flint river, which resulted in disastrous lead contamination.

“the city still doesn’t have water that the people can trust,” said rep. dan kildee, d-mich. “this is an anniversary that we don’t want to celebrate.”

melissa mays, a flint resident and mother of three sons, came to the nation’s capital to make sure lawmakers don’t forget the city’s plight. she said the city should serve as a warning to the rest of the country: “we know it’s not just us. we know (the contamination) is everywhere.”

earlier this month, michigan gov. rick snyder declared flint’s tap water safe to drink and officially ended the free bottled water service to local residents. while these actions may signal the city’s progress, residents remain skeptical of an infrastructure that still relies on contaminated water lines that won’t be fully replaced until 2020.

residents also face continually high water bills and health complications.

the fundred dollar bill project, an organization that draws attention to the danger of childhood lead poisoning, featured artwork from students across the country in the cannon house office building on wednesday.

the artwork is a collection of student drawings on fake dollar bills, which are supposed to serve as a reminder of the child’s value, according to founder mel chin.

flint resident ja’bari shepherd, 8, displayed his own artwork at the exhibit. his art included the drawing of a $300 bill that says, “people[’s] lives matter.”

shepherd said he wants the effects of the contamination to stop interfering with his friends’ lives “so that we can grow up and live a normal childhood like everyone else.” 

rep. kildee acknowledged there’s an irony in the project’s art considering that flint residents could use real money to help ease their mounting, costly problems.

“we know how to overcome these problems and it’s going to take resources,” he said. “the fundred project is a depiction of this problem… (but) we need the real thing.”

“we don’t feel safe anymore,” said maritza lopez, an east chicago, indiana, resident of 54 years. “our home is no longer a safe haven.”

to demand compensation for their losses and health risks, 38 east chicago households filed a lawsuit against atlantic richfield co., tesoro corp., e.i. dupont de nemours and co., the chemours co., and u.s. smelter and lead refinery on oct. 31.

this lawsuit alleges heightened health risks due to lead and arsenic for those in the city’s calumet sections. the residents also cited declining property values, emotional distress, and difficulty in selling their homes to leave the toxic neighborhood as reasons for taking legal action. the lawsuit, filed in u.s. district court, alleges that these corporations acted in “willful and wanton manner and in reckless indifference” while operating in the east chicago area. atlantic richfield co., and e.i. dupont de nemours and co., did not respond to phone calls when asked to comment.

this lawsuit is one of the latest episodes in a decadeslong environmental saga in east chicago where high lead and arsenic contamination have plagued residential areas since at least the 1980s. the area is a superfund site, the u.s. environmental protection agency’s term for sites contaminated with hazardous wastes. the uss lead superfund site – listed on the national priorities list of the worst contaminated sites in the country – covers the former shuttered uss lead facility along with 322 acres of residential land in east chicago.

on nov. 30, the epa announced a $22.6 million lead and arsenic cleanup at a former dupont facility adjacent to the uss lead superfund site. dupont is one of the responsible parties at the uss lead site because its hazardous wastes contaminated the adjacent land. 

‘my health issues were coming from this’

maritza lopez moved to east chicago when she was only six months old. she has personally experienced years of health problems, which she has begun to investigate in terms of the contaminants in her environment. when her neurologist ordered a heavy metals test and found high levels of lead, arsenic, and cadmium in her urine, lopez said she “just knew – you know how they say you have a sixth sense? – i knew that my health issues were coming from this, that there’s something in me.”

lopez lost her two brothers, sister, and father to various health issues, and her mother battled cancer twice. this is a major reason why she is so vocal in trying to uncover the possible health dangers that result from high levels of toxins, and in speaking out to warn others.

“i will not allow myself to be just as culpable as those companies or agencies. from federal down to city they have known about this and they have not stepped up to protect us,” she said.

currently, lopez is advocating for the u.s. epa to carry out widespread medical testing for people who both live in the community currently or used to reside in the area. she thinks that this may allow individuals to catch potentially life-threatening physical, neurological, and behavioral disorders and illnesses, such as kidney damage and reduced brain development, as early as possible. she emphasizes this as particularly important, considering that many east chicago residents and their families have lived in the contaminated area for their entire lives and are now worried about how this will impact their long-term health.

housing complex built at site of former lead plant

“in 2006, i had to have a complete hysterectomy at 29,” said akeeshea daniels, an east chicago resident of 41 years and co-chair of the east chicago community advisory group. “after having the hysterectomy, i began to lose bone mass and no one knew what was going on with me. that’s when my son started pre-k and i started noticing different things were wrong with him. he wasn’t retaining information. he didn’t know basic sight words. they did some form of testing and found out that he had adhd.”

residents in the west calumet neighborhood of east chicago have felt a multitude of negative effects from the contamination. the west calumet housing complex, built in 1972, housed more than 1,000 residents but is now empty and awaiting demolition. the housing complex was built on ground formerly occupied by a lead refinery and adjacent to a secondary lead smelter that operated until 1985. federal and state agencies began testing the housing complex site for contamination about two years later. they found high levels of lead and arsenic. yet, to the dismay of many residents, the epa did not formulate cleanup efforts for the site until it, as well as the surrounding east chicago area, was declared a superfund site in 2009.

“[the government has] known about this for 30-some odd years,” said jared jones, a northwestern university law student currently researching the superfund site. “it’s only been in the last, like, 15 months they’ve really been making a concerted effort to get it cleaned up.”

demolition, residential yard cleanup

in july 2016, mayor anthony copeland announced that residents needed to move out of the complex based on the epa’s reports of contamination, leaving thousands struggling to find new homes. on sept. 21, 2017, the u.s. department of housing and urban development said that it had approved the demolition of the lead- and arsenic-contaminated housing complex. while it may seem like a solution for other residents to leave homes in the contaminated area, this is not a feasible move for many east chicago residents.

“this is something that is so stressful,” lopez said. “we can’t pack up and move, we can’t afford that.”

the epa, with funding from atlantic richfield and dupont, expects to clean approximately 723 residential yards with lead levels of at least 400 parts per million of lead and 26 ppm of arsenic. as part of the cleanup, workers will remove two feet of contaminated soil and replace it with clean soil, including six inches of topsoil. workers will then put grass seed or lay sod on the topsoil and transport the contaminated soil to a licensed landfill for proper disposal.

residents, however, are concerned about the epa’s division of the yards to be cleaned.

“they’ll subdivide people’s lots into 4 parts and it may be that one quarter of your property needs to be cleaned up, but the part directly next to that doesn’t and the difference could be as little as 2 ppm and [that will] still keep it from being cleaned up,” jones said.

according to denise abdul-rahman, the environmental and climate justice chair for the indiana naacp, another concern that residents have expressed is about their treatment by officials when they come to test a family’s soil and water.

“they’re not given any type of respect,” abdul-rahman said. “that process is broken and culturally incompetent. no respect for the people that have been victimized or terrorized by environmental injustice. i think it’s the epitome of environmental racism,” abdul-rahman said.

a northwest indiana times article reported that an estimated 9,000 of 11,000 water service lines in east chicago contain lead, according to a service line inventory on file with the indiana department of environmental management.

in september, the city began replacing 400 lines at properties in the uss lead superfund site with lower levels of contaminated soil. until their services lines are replaced, residents of the superfund site have been given water filters. however, according to daniels, many of the residents have been using bottled water.

“we shower and we wash clothes. that’s it, we don’t do anything else with the water,” said daniels, who has been using bottled water since 2008.

residents are hoping to become more involved with the epa, the primary decision maker regarding the cleanup of the superfund site going forward. many residents currently don’t feel like they have any input into what’s happening at the site.

“we were told by the community [residents] that they felt they didn’t have access to city officials,” abdul-rahman said. “they still really don’t, except the city has a contracted attorney that does communication at the epa sessions that they have periodically for the community [meetings]. so they still feel, and it is reflected in those meetings, they don’t feel like they have access to the actual city decision-makers with the exception of the attorney.”

with the goal of becoming more involved in decision-making last year, a group of residents and advocacy organizations filed a motion to intervene in the case between the epa, as represented by the department of justice, and the companies responsible for the contamination at the calumet neighborhood. the court will hold a 2-hour oral argument on the motion on jan. 16.

catherine garypie, the associate region counsel for epa region 5 told the northwest indiana times in late october that the epa’s main concern with the motion is timing.

“our concern was that it was late” in the remediation process, garypie said. “that was our big issue.”

to continue voicing their concerns and hopes for the neighborhood in an organized manner, east chicago residents have formed an east chicago calumet coalition community advisory group. this cag group is represented by lawyers at northwestern university’s environmental advocacy center.

“the eac helps the cag by explaining the superfund process to residents, listening to resident concerns, and then working alongside community members to raise up their voices in interactions with government officials,” said debbie chizewer, the montgomery foundation environmental law fellow at the center.

in their saturday meetings, group members discuss community preferences for the site cleanup and remediation. along with the cag group, residents and the naacp have also created multiple events for lead health and healing to help residents who are having a difficult time with the superfund site cleanup.  

“we still have a lot of people who are recouping from things they lost. i didn’t realize all we left behind until it was time to move into our new places,” said daniels, who lived at the housing complex for over 13 years. “some of the things like dishes, forks. you didn’t realize that you left everything behind, so just maybe find a family and donate water or just a simple thing like a bath or face towel. these are things we had to leave behind because we were so scared to take anything with us.”

senator frank lautenberg (d-nj) has introduced the safe chemicals act of 2011 to update the toxic substances control act, (tsca) which was last updated in 1976. this bill puts a mandate on companies to establish the safety of chemicals in products before they are available to consumers. current law puts the burden on the environmental protection agency to seek out and identify dangerous chemicals.

toxic chemical exposure, even in small amounts, has been linked to cancer, fertility problems and learning disabilities, and the epa has acknowledged shortcomings in their ability to identify dangerous chemicals and protect the public from exposure under existing law. “tsca is showing its age, and its limitations. our tsca inventory currently lists over 84,000 chemicals, very few of which have actually been studied by the epa for their risk to families and children,” says steve owens of the epa.

although there has been ongoing friction between safe chemical advocacy groups and big business, larger companies who would be greatly impacted by this legislation, including corporate giants sc johnson and basf, support one federal standard, for the sake of consumer confidence as well as global competitiveness. the lack of effective legislation at the federal level has caused states to create their own regulations, which forces national companies to comply with vastly different regulations from state to state. “complying with as many as 50 different state chemical management policies will only create uncertainty in our markets and costly inefficiencies. if we have more confidence, it does help the bottom line for companies like ours,” says kelly semrau of sc johnson.

the new bill calls for a prioritization of chemicals based on risk, creating open access to reliable chemical information and the promotion of safer, green chemistry. the epa and other proponents of this legislation say that it is time to give the american people the protection from toxic chemicals they need and deserve.