scarlet macaws are a species of long-tailed, large-beaked parrots, a poster child of tropical birds. yet in much of their range, including mexico, guatemala, and belize, poachers illegally steal chicks by cutting down nesting trees, which decimates current population and eliminates already-rare cavity nests. compounded with deforestation, it seems even more likely that extinction will claim scarlet macaws next.

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thankfully, macaw conservation has a power couple on its side. gabriela vigo and her husband, donald brightsmith, met in 2003 at a research center in a remote pocket of the peruvian amazon. now, they have a 7-year-old daughter named mandy lu whom they raise in the rainforest for part of each year while they co-direct the macaw society, formerly known as the tambopata macaw project.

“in peru, we’ve been working in a healthy parrot community to document how they function in areas that have not been impacted by humans,” brightsmith said. “it provides a sort of baseline to which we can compare other more impacted areas.” a professor in the schubot exotic bird health center at texas a&m university, brightsmith has risen to the top of his field by publishing papers about macaw clay licks, breeding, foraging, chick development, ecotourism’s role in conservation, and more.

but he will readily admit that recently, his wife has done most of the field work. in the past few years, vigo went on jungle walks with mandy lu while also taking on a whole new flock of kids: tiny, bald, squawking little things that vigo loved as if they were her own—macaw chicks.

scarlet macaw parents lay between two and four eggs each year, but even if four chicks make it out of the egg, only one or two ever survive naturally to fledging. years of monitoring the macaw society’s nest boxes revealed that breeding pairs focus their efforts on one or two of their oldest and healthiest chicks. unless something goes wrong with the first- and second-born siblings, numbers three and four will be practically ignored from day one.

not so with vigo on the scene. during macaw breeding seasons from 2017 to 2019, she conducted research for her ph.d. at texas a&m: a study called chick relocation, or, on the board in the macaw society’s chick nursery, “the hunger games.” unlike in the books, however, all the players survived till the end.

during the breeding seasons, volunteer tree climbers checked on scarlet macaw nests daily. when they found chicks with too many older siblings, they brought them back to the nursery, where a team of veterinarians cared for them until their opened, after about three weeks. then it was time to find foster nests. the base criteria were similar to those which make for a good human foster home: a comfortable nest with responsible and experienced parents. the complicated part? nests could only have one chick already in it, so that the parents would have enough food for both chicks, and new siblings had to be at the same developmental stage, so that there wasn’t any preferential treatment. it made for a difficult match-making game, but vigo ensured that each chick ended up with a home.

vigo fine-tuned her experiment with great success: aside from a couple of freak lightning strikes (literally), every foster chick fledged. in her words, “it showed that macaw chicks that were naturally doomed to die could be raised by foster parents and help raise population numbers.” this is great news, and not just for her ph.d.

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when not volunteering with the macaw society, rodrigo león runs his own macaw research in mexico’s lacandon rainforest with natura mexicana. his constant bubbly energy and charming smile hide his strenuous job description: tracking the scarlet macaw nests likely to be poached, removing the chicks before anyone else can get to them, then raising them until fledging and releasing them into safer parts of the jungle.

thanks to vigo, it won’t always be this difficult to protect parrots. now that her experiment has proven successful in peru, where the macaw population is large and stable, the chick relocation method can be replicated by natura mexicana or any other project which seeks to conserve and grow small populations of parrots. instead of raising the rescued chicks by hand, scientists like león can feed them for a couple of weeks, then move them into nests out of poaching range—a true win-win. not only does it give macaw researchers more time to focus on other aspects of conservation; with adult birds teaching the chicks how to find food, fly, and live in the wild, it gives the species a greater chance of survival, one chick at a time.

meanwhile, the macaw society is entering their next phase of work. said brightsmith: “we plan to continue our scientific research and expand our direct conservation actions in areas where macaws and parrots are in trouble,” including mexico, costa rica, guatemala, belize, argentina, and the usa, while maintaining a home base in southeastern peru. better yet, vigo is confident that she and brightsmith won’t be working alone. “we’ve used our research as a training platform,” she said, “to teach a new generation of naturalists and conservationists in peru and worldwide.” perhaps one of these young scientists will start the next society for the birds.

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greta hardy-mittell is an avid writer and conservationist from vermont, usa. she volunteered for the macaw society from november 2018-january 2019, and credits the experience with changing her life.

there’s one small hiccup in this invaluable marriage of technology and geographic information, though: the necessary mapping data that powers tools like these isn’t available everywhere. tools that so many take for granted across the western world like online map software, and even just the resources needed for a physical map, are severely lacking or wholly unavailable in many developing regions across africa, asia, and even areas within the u.s.

openstreetmaps (osm) is a solution to this widespread lack of mapping data. osm provides a completely open platform to access, view, and add to an ever-growing map of the world. utilizing the power of crowdsourcing, anyone can easily contribute to the creation of the map online from the comfort of their own home. in a matter of minutes, volunteers can set up an account and begin helping osm’s effort to map the world. this work is vital because the creation of a map allows governments, organizations, and everyday people to utilize its data to change lives, making healthcare, street safety, and disaster relief — among countless other necessities — more accessible to millions of people.

1. what is gis data?

map applications like google maps or waze are examples of a geographic information system, better known as gis, that you might use frequently, but not really understand how much is going on in the background. gis is a method of entering, storing, and displaying geographic data. once this data is collected in a gis, it can be used in an ever-growing number of fields including agriculture, engineering, and any other area that remotely utilizes geographic information.

2. what is openstreetmap?

openstreetmap is a free, open-source gis that seeks to create a complete, editable map of the world. if you’re wondering what sets osm apart from google and other consumer-geared gis services, the answer is that the project is public. think of it like a wikipedia, but for maps. osm is a world map for people, created by people. from a consumer point of view, google maps is free to use, however private companies like google force ngo’s, and other organizations and individuals to pay in order to access mapping and gis data. osm seeks to remedy this by crowdsourcing its own gis that is completely free to access across the world.

since its inception by steve coast in 2004, osm has worked to crowdsource data-mapping across the globe via local and remote means. volunteers on the ground utilize handheld gps devices, cameras, and paper notes to collect local geospatial information while others around the world help edit and ready the gis data remotely on computers. the process culminates in the entry of mapping data, like the marking of buildings and roads, by remote online volunteers. after a quick verification process, the map data is published and then free and open to use by anyone in the world.

3. why is it so important?

the gis data collected in openstreetmaps is used by individuals, communities, governments, businesses, and humanitarian projects for countless activities around the world. many of these groups desperately require gis data to fulfill their needs and goals but lack the budget to pay for gis services like google. osm has no fees, and because it is completely public anyone, anytime can help assist in their mission to expand mapping resources for all.

mapping the world also holds governments accountable. in areas of the world like western africa or southeast asia with vast expanses of unmapped but inhabited land, communities and the people that live in them are often neglected or forgotten. expanding mapping coverage and data literally puts these previously unmarked places on a map, and in doing so says to governments and aid groups, “we are here!” history has shown time and time again that unmarked communities are often forgotten in delivery of aid, development of commerce routes, and disaster relief. the simple act of marking a place, with populations ranging from dozens to hundreds of thousands of people, has an impact that cannot be understated.

4. mapping facilitates change

take for example the kibera slum in nairobi, kenya. kibera is home to more than 200,000 people, yet until recently did not appear in detail on any official map. scanning over the area online, you wouldn’t know it as home to nearly a quarter million people. empowering the communities within kibera with mapping resources and technology allowed these people better access to vital services, and improved recognition and support by the kenyan government.

before mapping resources were available, residents of kibera often couldn’t locate medical services in the crowded slum. with mapping data, they can easily locate and obtain medical care, as well as other life-changing services. the open-source nature of osm also allows kibera’s residents to mark hazardous areas such as those that are unsafe for women to travel through alone, notifying their community, and culminating in the installation of a police or government presence there to ensure safety.

this story is not unique to kibera, and similar changes are taking place all over the world. remote african villages are identifying and marking areas where female genital mutilation occurs, allowing aid groups and community members to provide assistance, and help young girls escape violence and abuse. in general, mapping informs communities and governments, facilitating a more active role in shaping their future.

mapping data is also invaluable in the case of disaster. when hurricanes, typhoons, floods, or other storms hit mapping data gives a more accurate representation of where people are, and how many are in danger. decisions about aid and evacuation are more informed, while search and rescue operations are expedited. the same holds true in monitoring the spread of disease outbreak, and more effective safety measures like quarantines are enabled using gis data.

5. getting involved is easy

assisting in the development of these maps is as simple as making an account on osm, or any of their affiliate organizations like the humanitarian openstreetmap team (hot), and browsing their current projects. once your account is made, simply navigate to the “contribute” or “projects” panel and you’ll be greeted by an image similar to this one (with layout dependent on which osm affiliate you’re using).

you can see in the image above that each open project on hot has a priority level ranging from low to urgent, and also a note on the percentage of the map completed. different community and aid groups will begin these projects for areas in need of gis data, opening them to osm for mappers like you to contribute to. hot also hosts a tutorial video explaining to new users how to use the in-browser mapping software and further describing the mapping process as a whole.

partner organizations like youthmappers are another way to get involved, and often host “mapathon” events where groups of people gather in person to educate new users on how to use osm’s online mapping software, and work together to work on an open mapping task.