{"id":11181,"date":"2022-02-01t16:00:17","date_gmt":"2022-02-01t16:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dpetrov.2create.studio\/planet\/wordpress\/mammoth-resurrection-may-be-a-climate-solution-should-it-be\/"},"modified":"2023-03-07t19:39:25","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07t19:39:25","slug":"one-biotech-firm-says-they-can-use-asian-elephants-to-resurrect-wooly-mammoths-conservationists","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"\/\/www.getitdoneaz.com\/story\/one-biotech-firm-says-they-can-use-asian-elephants-to-resurrect-wooly-mammoths-conservationists\/","title":{"rendered":"mammoth resurrection may be a climate solution. should it be?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"ltr\">nearly two decades after &#8220;jurassic park,&#8221; a film about resurrecting dinosaurs for a theme park, made millions at the box office, a startup claims it can bring back a different ancient, extinct animal: the mammoth.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">the men behind the biotech startup <a href=\"http:\/\/colossal.com\">colossal biosciences<\/a> don\u2019t want to bring back the species to stock a prehistoric theme park. instead, they claim their \u201cfunctional mammoths\u201d will be a powerful tool in the fight against climate change. this venture not only raises the question of how science can resurrect a long-dead species&#8230; but should it?<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\">the tools to build a new breed of mammoth<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">colossal biosciences, which was co-founded by harvard geneticist george church and tech entrepreneur ben lamm, claimed to have received $15 million in investment as of september 2021. according to the founders, their team can develop \u201cfunctional mammoths\u201d within six to seven years.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">lamm stressed that these new mammoths would not be genetically identical to those that lived during the pleistocene epoch 11 thousand years ago or even the remnant populations that died out 4 thousand years ago. they would be hybrids of mammoths and their closest living relatives, asian elephants. the genomes of these hybrids would be created by combining genetic material from frozen mammoth carcasses with elephant dna.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cthey\u2019re not 100% and so think of it almost like a dog breed,\u201d lamm said. \u201cyou got your purebreds and you got \u2013\u2013 like what i have \u2013\u2013 rescues.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">asian elephants and wooly mammoths share about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4016894?search=yes&amp;resultitemclick=true&amp;searchtext=mammoth+dna+and+elephants&amp;searchuri=%2faction%2fdobasicsearch%3fquery%3dmammoth%2bdna%2band%2belephants%26so%3drel&amp;ab_segments=0%2fsyc-6168%2ftest&amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3a4b63755a4a7f543d6016ec8f3831df4e&amp;seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\">95.8% of their mitochondrial dna<\/a>. the genetic similarities allow colossal to use genetic material from asian elephants to build the functional mammoth genome using what church calls \u201cgenome engineering tools.\u201d he compared the approach to those currently being tested to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/10\/19\/health\/kidney-transplant-pig-human.html\">grow organs in pigs<\/a> that are more compatible to be transplanted into humans. in this case, scientists would work to incorporate mammoth cold tolerance traits, including cold-tolerant hemoglobin and shaggy coats, from mammoth dna into asian elephant embryos.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">in terms of mammoths, church described the potential process like this: elephant cells would be edited, in petri dishes away from live animals, to carry mammoth genetic material in each cell\u2019s nucleus.&nbsp;the cells\u2019 nucleuses would later be extracted and implanted into an elephant embryo. the embryo would then be fertilized through in vitro fertilization and grown in artificial wombs.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">colossal has determined that elephants would not host these embryos for both practical and moral reasons, as asian elephants are an endangered species with a 18-22 month gestation period. while there are limited numbers of potential elephant surrogates, the artificial wombs would allow the program to scale over time as more wombs are created. church said they also intend to produce embryos and sperm from stem cells.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\">the arctic elephant in the room: should we bring back mammoths?<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">talking about the science behind colossal\u2019s mission avoids the arctic elephant in the room: should we be bringing back mammoths? dj schubert, a wildlife biologist and conservationist with the <a href=\"https:\/\/awionline.org\/\">animal welfare institute<\/a>, is skeptical.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cthe question is not whether it can be done \u2013\u2013 but whether it should be done,\u201d schubert said. \u201cand, from my perspective, i think we have enough species that are currently in dire conditions that we should be focusing our conservation efforts and our conservation dollars on saving those species.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">schubert expressed frustration that $15 million was invested to bring back the mammoth and argued resources should be spent protecting modern megafauna. he was also concerned that scientists may not have considered the morality of species resurrection, worrying about the fairness of reviving an animal to cage it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201clet those species rest in peace and instead let&#8217;s focus our efforts on preserving what still remains,\u201d he said.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">colossal pushes back against these criticisms. according to church and lamm, colossal\u2019s goal is not to develop functional mammoths out of pure curiosity, but to fight climate change and develop technologies with applications including conservation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\">stomping out greenhouse gases<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">church hopes the first arctic elephants will not live in captivity but in a preserve such as <a href=\"https:\/\/pleistocenepark.ru\/\">pleistocene park<\/a>, an experimental nature preserve in the russian arctic that is recreating the mammoth-steppe ecosystem. according to the park\u2019s current director nikita zimov, the project seeks to restore this ecosystem through the reintroduction of animals in the hopes of fighting climate change through grassland creation and permafrost preservation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">zimov said his father came up with the idea during the soviet era and his family has been working on the project since 1996. the pleistocene park concept predates the blockbuster that inspired its would-be name. but unlike jurassic park, pleistocene park is not meant to be a theme park.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">according to zimov, it&#8217;s intended to be a self-expanding ecosystem large enough to impact the climate and provide habitat to millions of animals. currently the preserve is only 144 square kilometers, but numerous native and exotic species have been introduced including reindeer, yakutian horses, moose, bison, musk ox, yaks and kalmykian cows. according to zimov, the mammoths would transform the park and fight climate change by toppling <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/arctic-greening\/\">trees<\/a> and trampling snow.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">while this may seem counterintuitive, zimov explained the apparent paradox.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cif you come to the arctic, the effect of planting trees (to store carbon) is not that great,\u201d zimov said. \u201ctrees are sparse, small, and they grow extremely poor(ly).\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">the <a href=\"https:\/\/nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nph.13003\">deep root systems of fast growing arctic grasses<\/a> are more effective at storing carbon in the arctic environment than the trunks of slow growing trees. the mammoth\u2019s propensity for toppling trees would expand the grassland ecosystem more quickly than would otherwise be possible, and allow for more carbon to be stored.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">the mammoths would also preserve permafrost, the layer of subsurface arctic soil that has remained frozen for many millennia. as rising global temperatures melt permafrost, it releases hundreds of thousands of years of methane, a greenhouse gas that is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/gmi\/importance-methane\">25 times as potent as co2.<\/a> scientists worry this will start a positive feedback loop and hasten global warming.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">the permafrost in the soils of the arctic contain <a href=\"https:\/\/arctic.noaa.gov\/report-card\/report-card-2019\/artmid\/7916\/articleid\/844\/permafrost-and-the-global-carbon-cycle\">1,460-1,600 billion metric tons of carbon<\/a>, about twice as much as currently contained in earth\u2019s atmosphere. the release of all this carbon by melting permafrost would be disastrous for global ecosystems and human civilization.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">cooling permafrost will prevent methane emissions. this is where pleistocene park\u2019s animals come into the picture. zimov said permafrost is heated during the summer but cannot cool during winter because the ground is buried beneath snowfall, which has increased due to climate change.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cthis snow is acting as a <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00382-014-2356-5\">heat insulator<\/a>&nbsp;and that&#8217;s why permafrost is five degrees warmer than (the) temperature of air,\u201d zimov said. \u201cif you would now remove the snow entirely very quickly, within several years, the temperature of permafrost would be going down.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">zimov said grazing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/climate-change-permafrost-arctic-animal-herds-pleistocene-park-siberia\/\">animals protect permafrost<\/a> by removing the thick layer of snow to access the food underneath. the snow is compacted during the foraging process making it a much less effective insulator than thick, undisturbed snow. once the thick snow has been cleared, the temperature of the permafrost beneath the ground drops.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">mammoths could trample snow&nbsp;especially effectively because of their size and the amount of food they would eat.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">when asked about the project\u2019s climate benefits schubert of the animal welfare institute said that the project should continue using extant animals for the project, not extinct species.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201ci have nothing against anyone thinking outside the box because i think that&#8217;s what is going to be necessary to frankly save this planet,\u201d he said. \u201ci just think that if they&#8217;re seeing success using these proxy animals, i think they should use these proxy animals\u2026 (instead of) trying to bring back animals that have long since been dead.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\">a future of technologically-enabled conservation<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">lamm said he hopes the genetic tools and artificial wombs being developed for mammoths will help preserve other species. he&nbsp;compared the development of arctic elephants to the apollo missions in terms of its potential for spinoff technology. he even expressed the hope that there may soon be the technology for 50 rhino calves to be brought to term in a lab at a time before release into the wild.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cwe hope that (this)<em>&nbsp;<\/em>will be relevant to many other endangered species as well,\u201d church said. \u201cthe focus is on endangered species and environmental impact that would be helpful to humans; it&#8217;s not about de-extinction.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">even schubert expressed optimism about using colossal\u2019s technology to help contemporary species, especially those that are currently endangered. still, schubert said the best way for humans to protect species is to address why they became endangered; only then should genetic solutions be considered.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">in &#8220;jurassic park,&#8221; scientist ian malcolm chastises billionaire john hammond for creating dinosaurs, saying, \u201cyour scientists were so preoccupied with whether they could, they didn&#8217;t stop to think if they should.\u201d now, we are having that debate in real life about mammoths. if nothing else, the fact that we are having this debate is a step forward.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>one biotech startup claims it can use asian elephants to breed \u201cfunctional mammoths\u201d that help fight climate change. the prospect&nbsp;of bringing genetic engineering technologies into the world of conservation&nbsp;raises complex moral questions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10071,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4916],"tags":[144,4360,3641,4673,538],"storyfest_categories":[],"class_list":["post-11181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-climate","tag-climate-change","tag-elephants","tag-genetic-engineering","tag-mammoths","tag-wildlife"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- this site is optimized with the yoast seo plugin v23.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>mammoth resurrection may be a climate solution. should it be? - planet forward<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"\/\/www.getitdoneaz.com\/story\/mammoth-resurrection-may-be-a-climate-solution-should-it-be\/\" \/>\n<meta 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