{"id":27111,"date":"2023-02-08t12:00:14","date_gmt":"2023-02-08t12:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dev.planetforward.com\/2023\/02\/08\/with-corn-belt-inching-north-farm-diversification-gains-momentum\/"},"modified":"2023-02-24t16:47:45","modified_gmt":"2023-02-24t16:47:45","slug":"corn-belt-inching-north","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"\/\/www.getitdoneaz.com\/story\/corn-belt-inching-north\/","title":{"rendered":"with corn belt inching north, farm diversification gains momentum"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

this story was originally published in columbia missourian<\/a> on august 11th, 2022. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

corn and soybeans once covered josh payne\u2019s farm as far as the eye could see. tidy rows of green and brown marched across his 600 acres from spring to fall, kept in line by tillage, and herbicide. though payne\u2019s operation was the picture of modern agriculture, he could not shake a general dissatisfaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

today, payne calls his farm in missouri \u201ca messy, complex, diverse life worth living.\u201d gone are the corn and soy, replaced by a diversified farm that includes various animals, nuts and fruits. young chestnut trees reach their limbs skyward. dozens of sheep, bleating and plodding, graze on native grasses in payne\u2019s front yard. and several brown cows lounge on rolling pasture in the distance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cwe\u2019re trying to rethink our food, and we\u2019re trying to regrow our land,\u201d payne said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

payne is one of a small but growing number of midwestern farmers re-evaluating how to manage their land as they face climate change, market shocks, and other threats. diverse farms like his made up only 10% to 15% of the roughly 2 million farms<\/a> in the 2017 u.s. agricultural census. yet researchers predict these farms will become more common across the midwest as climate change redraws the american agricultural map. already, the corn belt \u2013 which traditionally spanned from kansas to ohio and from missouri to the dakotas \u2013 has shifted northwest,<\/a> a trend that\u2019s expected to continue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"a\n
a conventional cornfield sits behind josh payne\u2019s diversified forage land on july 20 in concordia, missouri. payne\u2019s own farm had these uniform cornfields 12 years ago before he began working in regenerative practices.(jia wu\/ columbia missourian)<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

the midwest hasn\u2019t frequently seen wildfires or hurricanes, but subtle shifts<\/a> may make the cornfields that comprise traditional corn-soy rotations less productive.<\/a> already, heat waves,<\/a> intense storms,<\/a> droughts,<\/a> and other weather changes are causing crop damage of increasing magnitude.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

although many farmers would scoff at the idea of moving away from corn, some researchers are encouraging them to consider diversifying their crops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

linda prokopy, a professor who studies sustainable farming at purdue university in indiana, puts it in stark terms: \u201cgrowing corn and soybeans exclusively in the midwest is not sustainable in the long run,\u201d she said in a january magazine interview.<\/a> \u201cas the climate continues to change, corn is not expected to yield very well in this area.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

dennis todey, director of the midwest climate hub, a usda research center in ames, iowa, says the main reason for the corn belt\u2019s agricultural productivity is regular rainfall during the summer. this rain can make up for a lack of regional irrigation, when corn and soy need it most in the growing season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cif we start to move to where we are more frequently drier in the summertime, then corn and soybean yields will likely suffer,\u201d todey said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

prokopy said that this is the time for corn belt row-croppers to plan for the future of their farms. \u201ci would tell them to start thinking about transitioning now,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

the change of business models was not a light lifestyle decision for payne. it was a big risk, a commitment to his children\u2019s future on the farm and the health of the mississippi river basin. it was a chance to blaze a trail in his community and find future prosperity by looking to the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a cinching corn belt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

corn-soy rotations take up 75% of the farmland area in the corn belt region.<\/a> close to 90 million acres of corn<\/a> were planted in the corn belt this year, taking up an area nearly the size of montana. that corn is mainly used for biofuels (roughly 40% for ethanol) and as animal feed (roughly 36% is fed to cattle, pigs and chickens). so much corn is grown in the midwest that \u201ccorn sweat\u201d contributes to high humidity. drive across the region, and the miles of leafy green blend together.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"a
sheep graze in the front yard of josh payne and jordan welch\u2019s farm, which has made the switch from row crops to diversified agriculture. (adam goldstein\/columbia missourian)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

climate change is putting that landscape at risk. corn is notoriously fertilizer-dependent and sensitive to temperature and moisture changes.<\/a> one report projects regional crop yields to decrease as much as 40%<\/a> from early-century levels by 2055.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

missouri, at the southern end of the corn belt, is a bellwether for a changing agricultural landscape.<\/a> current projections suggest it will be harder to maintain productive corn crops<\/a> in missouri\u2019s future. a 2020 missouri soy report <\/a>suggest missouri may be the hardest-hit midwestern state by climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

todey said the concerning projections have farmers looking for options. \u201ci would say missouri probably is going to be one of the places where we\u2019ll see that sooner,\u201d todey said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

farm diversification is being held up as one answer. diversification is the process of adding additional cash crops, livestock, or other income sources to one\u2019s land. farmers might add a few acres of pecan trees to go with a cattle operation, or add tomatoes and chickens to cornfields. farmers also might double-crop wheat and soybeans, or add winter wheat to a corn-soy annual rotation.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"a
josh payne connects a concrete
anchor to a water pipe near his
pond on july 20 in concordia.
payne had been working on a
new water system on his
property for about a week amid
a regional drought.
(jia wu\/columbia missourian)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

prokopy was given a $10 million usda-nifa grant<\/a> in october of 2021 to lead study on-farm diversification as a climate solution for the corn belt. her five-year research project will evaluate alternative farming systems, three-crop rotations, and their environmental impacts for midwest farms. her emphasis will be on farms in illinois, indiana, and iowa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

the usda is pumping an additional $1 billion into climate-resilient agriculture<\/a> over the next five years. in february, u.s. agriculture secretary tom vilsack rolled out the partnership for climate smart commodities program in jefferson city. the program is designed to finance partnerships between government and community institutions for \u201cclimate-smart commodity\u201d projects. projects eligible for funding include alternative crop market development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cwhen you talk to farmers about diversification, they\u2019ll often say, \u2018well, that\u2019s what my grandfather used to farm,\u2019\u201d prokopy said. and of course, the original inhabitants of this land practiced diversified agriculture too, she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

diversified farms often use less chemical fertilizer<\/a>, land<\/a> and fuel<\/a> than conventional farms. the model also offers prospects of improved profits<\/a>, robust local food security<\/a>, new jobs<\/a> and economic resiliency in a changing climate.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cdiversifying across a larger set of crops helps to spread the risk,\u201d said sarah lovell, director of the mu center for agroforestry. \u201cso [farmers are] not all reliant on conditions required by one certain crop.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a seed of change<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

with diversification, the payne family is, in a way, returning to its roots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

josh\u2019s grandfather charlie payne bought the family land in concordia more than 60 years ago, pulling out a pasture and an orchard to plant corn and soybeans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"a
jordan welch embraces her son jentry outside the equipment shed on july 20 in concordia. jentry and his brother jaxon are the great-grandsons of charlie payne, who still resides on the farm. (jia wu\/columbia missourian)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

as a child, josh\u2019s job was to pick up rocks and sticks in the rows as his father and grandfather planted seeds. \u201cthe work was literally symbolism for drudgery,\u201d he said. \u201cmy family always said, \u2018this is why you\u2019re going to college.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

after josh graduated high school, his father jon told him to never return to the farm. there wasn\u2019t enough money to support him, nor his sister jordan, working there. josh payne became a high-school english teacher in kansas city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

but after jon died in a farming accident, josh returned part-time to the farm in 2010 to help 81-year-old charlie. josh loathed the monotonous planting season and the feeling that he was killing the earth with herbicides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201ci really, really just hated it,\u201d he said. \u201ci just sat on a tractor for hours.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

charlie regularly rebuffed josh\u2019s ideas to change the farm by pointing out the financial risks. the family had bought into commodity agriculture. now, they were finding it hard to justify change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

researchers point out that existing financial systems serve to support monocultures. \u201cwe\u2019re within a system that doesn\u2019t necessarily incentivize using different practices,\u201d said kelly wilson, assistant director of mu\u2019s center for regenerative agriculture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

high input costs and risk of poor returns<\/a> have discouraged farmers from playing with more diverse business models. haphazard government funding for alternative crop market development<\/a> has also made it hard for farmers to sell other products. grain co-ops proliferate the region<\/a>, and harvesting machinery is predominantly designed for corn and soy.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

the revenue protection plans under the federal crop insurance system<\/a>\u2014which can cover up to 85% of a farmer\u2019s projected income from yield and price decline\u2014focus on a handful of commodity crops<\/a>. multi-crop revenue protection and specialty crop insurance policies can be significantly more expensive.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cthis (system) can go on in perpetuity,\u201d josh payne said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

making change pay<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

what does it take for a farmer to make the leap? for payne, it was a health crisis, a massive storm, and a spiritual insight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

one day about 12 years ago, bored while on his self-driving tractor, payne began reading the book surprised by hope<\/em><\/a> by theologian n.t. wright. the book rethinks the construct of heaven and bringing it about on earth. \u201cit helped me realize that the things that we do should be a part of bringing about hope and healing and regeneration to the world,\u201d payne said.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"an
a chestnut tree begins to fruit a chestnut on josh payne\u2019s farm on july 20 in concordia. payne has planted 30 acres of chestnuts, which can yield $6,000 an acre when mature. (jia wu\/columbia missourian)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

the book inspired payne to begin looking into cover crops, or crops planted to cover the soil and prevent erosion. he got approval from his grandfather in 2012 after a massive storm destroyed a beanfield and had success increasing yields with the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

life handed him a new challenge in 2020. payne discovered he was severely allergic to a common herbicide and petroleum-based fertilizers. it was an untenable situation for a conventional farmer. \u201cit was either go back to teaching or change the way we farm completely,\u201d payne says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

in response, payne began working on a plan for a regenerative sheep-and-chestnut farm \u2013 leading to where he is today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

payne has become a convert, speaking at conferences<\/a> about diversified farming. farmers often ask him: does it pay? just two years into his new system, payne said his margins are similar to what he had before with row crops. he earns a good profit from his livestock with lower costs than with row crops. he stands to gain as much as $6,000 per acre<\/a> once the chestnut trees mature. payne rents out the remaining 300 acres to a neighbor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

the farm currently supports two full-time jobs, and payne hopes to add another 10 positions as he does his part in restoring the rural economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cwhen you get down to net profit, we\u2019re doing better than we did in row crops,\u201d payne said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

planning the future of corn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

not everyone believes farmers will need to consider such drastic changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ray massey, an mu professor and agricultural economist, said he is skeptical of an impending row crop climate crisis. he argued most climate models \u201care more pessimistic than they need to be\u201d because they account only for worst-case scenarios, and not for technological advances like new genetics or high-tech precision planters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

jay schutte, president of the missouri corn growers association, said that climate change effects have been incremental and that corn can adapt. he also said that genetically-modified corn seeds are more resistant to climate change than they\u2019ve ever been.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

for example, dupont pioneer, syngenta, and bayer have developed seeds for increased extreme weather tolerance<\/a> and nitrogen efficiency.<\/a> bayer will be commercially testing its short-stature corn<\/a> in 2023, which grows to only two-thirds the size of conventional corn and is expected to enable better efficiency and extreme weather resilience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

while climate change is a concern, schutte said farmers should keep growing corn because there\u2019s a market for it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cif i\u2019m not paying my bills, i\u2019m not going to be a farmer,\u201d schutte said. \u201cit\u2019s just that simple. and corn and soybeans pay my bills.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"trays
trays of barley fodder are grown under ultraviolet light in josh payne\u2019s house on july 20 in concordia. payne feeds his cattle four trays of barley fodder each day to encourage better marbling in the finished beef. (jia wu\/columbia missourian)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

at the missouri maize center, a multidisciplinary plant biology group, usda corn geneticists norman best and jacob washburn are exploring tools like predictive crop modeling<\/a>, double haploid induction<\/a> and crispr gene-editing technology<\/a> to design the corn of tomorrow. yet solutions will be pressed between the pace of climate change and the time needed for adaptive plant breeding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cfor the foreseeable future, i think corn is still the answer,\u201d said best. \u201cbut i mean, we still don\u2019t know exactly how fast and quick this climate is going to change that.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

prokopy said technology advances don\u2019t eliminate the need for broad-scale change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201ctechnology is part of the solution, and we will keep growing corn and soybeans,\u201d prokopy said. \u201cbut there\u2019s so much about climate change that we can\u2019t predict. and if the only outcome of climate change was that our temperatures go up a little bit every year, that we can plan for, right? but it\u2019s these extreme weather events that we can\u2019t plan for.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

washburn said intelligent choices will have to be made about what to plant and where.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201ci think we can make corn that will grow and do well in pretty much any climate in the world. as of now, we\u2019re always going to need to,\u201d he said. \u201cbut there are also many other crops that can possibly do well in those climates. and maybe even do better in some cases.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

rethink our food, regrow the land<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

making choices is exactly what payne is doing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

speeding through the pasture on his four-wheeler, he radiates an infectious hope as he gestures to a row of plots. he explains he is developing a horticultural \u201cforest\u201d of native missouri fruit and nut trees. his sister jordan plans to build an apiary that houses pollinators while selling honey. his daughter reina will be helping to get their hog operation up and running this coming autumn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

and after more than a decade away from the family farm, jordan, josh, josh\u2019s wife larin, and their three children have all returned to work with 93-year-old charlie payne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201ci think grandpa is really proud that we decided to come back to the farm,\u201d jordan said. \u201cit\u2019s something that gets him choked up.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

while he knows not everyone would want to make wholesale changes like he did, josh payne says farmers should consider at least a gradual shift towards more diverse crops. after years of doubt, the operation has reinvigorated payne\u2019s faith.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cgrowing up in a conservative christian tradition, the goal of everything was to get to heaven,\u201d he said. \u201c[but] maybe what we\u2019re supposed to do is work out our own little spot, and bring about heaven here. that\u2019s a complete paradigm shift. then, everything matters.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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