{"id":34220,"date":"2023-10-23t16:03:43","date_gmt":"2023-10-23t16:03:43","guid":{"rendered":"\/\/www.getitdoneaz.com\/?p=34220"},"modified":"2023-10-24t17:55:58","modified_gmt":"2023-10-24t17:55:58","slug":"dust-bowl-mystery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"\/\/www.getitdoneaz.com\/story\/dust-bowl-mystery\/","title":{"rendered":"how to create a fake drought: colorado state university team seeks to unravel dust bowl mystery"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>nearly a century after the dust bowl, a strange arc-shaped structure protrudes from the central plains of kansas. its latticed beams stand out against the patched greens and yellows of the plain\u2019s horizon, giving the grassland a futuristic appearance. the assembly resembles the skeleton of an abandoned particle accelerator, or a translucent jungle gym.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>this structure is not a playground but a science experiment. each archway creates an artificial drought environment designed to restrict rainfall to simulate dust bowl conditions. colorado state university professor of biology and senior ecologist alan knapp and his team set up these structures in kansas and wyoming starting in 2012.<br><br>by controlling the amount of rainfall each patch of grass received over a four-year period, the team was able to observe how native grassland plants respond to extreme drought. in doing so, they tackled an 80-year mystery for what has been called the \u201cdust bowl paradox.\u201d during the 1930s, plagued by little rain, \u201ccool-temperature plants\u201d mysteriously encroached into the hottest and most drought-stricken regions of the plains, overtaking the warm-temperature plants we\u2019d expect to survive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>the artificial drought experiment is a timely one, as climate change produces more drought and extreme heat in grasslands today. farmers globally, especially ranchers, depend on what grows on temperate grasslands, which also have value as natural carbon sinks. even though they are rich in biodiversity, temperate grasslands are the least protected and most endangered biome in the world, according to a 2010 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23782170\">article<\/a> published in the great plains research journal.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/www.getitdoneaz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/joy-image-2-1.jpg\" alt=\"transparent roofing stands over a green plain in an experiment to recreate drought conditions of the dust bowl. \" class=\"wp-image-34233\" style=\"object-fit:contain;width:556px;height:334px\" width=\"556\" height=\"334\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">experimental drought structure with transparent roofing. (courtesy of alan knapp)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ranchers need predictable rainfall&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>because ranchers rely on a single crop to sustain their livestock, unpredictable rainfall patterns\u2014and the invasion of non-native grasses\u2014can compromise the success of an entire ranch.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cif you\u2019re trying to make a living off of grass on the great plains, you might as well have a drought plan,\u201d said barth crouch, state coordinator of the kansas grazing lands coalition (kglc). \u201cbecause it\u2019s gonna happen.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>knapp\u2019s research offers insights into patterns to expect during droughts\u2014particularly \u201cmegadrought\u201d growing seasons. in the united states, the great plains currently teeters on the brink of what scientists call an \u201cemerging megadrought,\u201d according to a 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/368\/6488\/314\">study<\/a> in science<em>.<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>the dust bowl of nearly a century ago is a key case study in understanding contemporary drought science. in the 1930s, a decade of extreme drought and heat waves ravaged the great plains, which span approximately 1,125,000 square miles, or <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.calpoly.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1001&amp;context=eth_fac\">one-third<\/a> of the united states. destructive farming techniques across the region worsened the dust bowl crisis by causing widespread erosion and howling dust storms that buried entire farms, leading to an estimated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w15605.pdf\">$1.9 billion<\/a> just in agricultural losses. farm devastation wasn\u2019t the only result: the drought\u2019s continued effect on plant communities was evident for 20 years, knapp said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>against all odds, cool-temperature plants began to overtake warm-temperature plants and take their place in grasslands, raising an important question: why do some plants survive after drought and others don\u2019t? more specifically, what caused cool-temperature plants to abruptly spread into 135,000 miles of arid land in the southern-central united states? the dust bowl paradox revolves around that question.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">solving the dust bowl mystery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>knapp said he didn\u2019t start his studies to \u201csolve\u201d the dust bowl paradox. \u201cwe studied how [plants] respond to drought in general,\u201d knapp said, \u201cas a potential mechanism rather than <em>the<\/em> solution.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>in doing so, his team confirmed the importance of the seasonal regularity of rainfall. it\u2019s not the temperature or amount of rainfall a grassland receives that influences what grows, they found. it\u2019s the <em>timing<\/em> of rainfall that dictates which plants prosper\u2014and which don\u2019t\u2014during and after a drought.<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201ccool-temperature plants\u201d are plants adapted to thrive during a wider time span of rainfall (meaning rainfall happens earlier, in cool months, as well as during summer months). during droughts, that\u2019s exactly what happens: rain falls proportionately more often early in the season. this perfect matchup explains why \u201ccool-temperature plants\u201d paradoxically thrived during the dust bowl, according to the 2020 proceedings of the national academy of sciences <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1922030117\">article<\/a> by knapp and collaborators.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cthe great plains have always been dealing with long term changes, and drought is one of them. it\u2019s actually more of the norm \u2013 the wet years are the strange things. it\u2019s the timing that\u2019s changed; off and on,\u201d crouch said. through his work with the kansas grazing lands coalition, crouch works with ranchers on a daily basis to help them respond to unpredictable drought conditions.&nbsp; in this era of climate change and increasing major weather events, many ranchers are preparing for (and experiencing) major vegetation shifts.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">why do warm-temperature plants matter? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>when it comes to soaking up rainfall and <a href=\"https:\/\/agrigro.com\/understanding-c3-c4-grasses\/#:~:text=warm%20season%20grasses%2c%20or%20c4,up%20the%204%20carbon%20compound.\">fixing co2 in high temperatures<\/a>, warm-temperature native grasses simply do the job better. cool-temperature invaders, and woody plants, produce more runoff and add unpredictability to ranchers\u2019 seasonal schedules.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>knapp\u2019s findings suggest that grassland managers will have to adjust to the erratic growth seasons and decreased water efficiency that come with the invasion of cool-temperature grasses. the shift to cool-temperature grasses could even result in hotter summers, knapp said.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/www.getitdoneaz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/joy-image-3.jpg\" alt=\"two research bend down over a series of pipes on grassy ground.\" class=\"wp-image-34231\" style=\"object-fit:contain;width:611px;height:366px\" width=\"611\" height=\"366\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">researchers work in experimental plot. (courtesy of alan knapp)<br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">the path forward<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>knapp and his team are now<s> <\/s>gathering data on another chapter of the dust bowl: recovery. for the next 20 years, knapp intends to take his team on several \u201croad trips\u201d to check on their artificially drought-stricken plots. if the dust bowl vegetation took 20 years to recover, one of the next mysteries to solve is the timespan of recovery for knapp\u2019s drought. how long will it take for his plots to bounce back?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>maintaining an artificial drought is no easy feat. his team faced setbacks from natural drought, long commutes, and even onsite vandalism at the arches. but the hard-won research serves an important purpose: foresight.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>when it comes to facing a future of emerging megadrought in the united states, every pattern and paradox matters\u2014even mysteries dating back to the dust bowl.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>among the growing network of ecologists racing to prepare us for a drier and drier future, knapp&#8217;s jungle gym science experiments\u2014and his tenacity to tackle unanswered conundrums from the past\u2014offer key insights into the preparations farmers will need to make across the american mid-west.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>why did cool-temperature plants mysteriously thrive during the dust bowl nearly a hundred years ago? this team of researchers are recreating century-old conditions to find out. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13596,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4919,4916,7087,7080],"tags":[],"storyfest_categories":[],"class_list":["post-34220","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-agriculture","category-climate","category-storyfest","category-storyfest-2024"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- this site is optimized with the yoast seo plugin v24.1 - 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